Universal wheelchair for the severely disabled

ABSTRACT

A universal, adjustable-height powered wheelchair is disclosed for the severly disabled, such as quadriplegic, driver. The wheelchair has a powered elevating mechanism capable of raising the seat and occupant from a height of 6 inches to 26 inches above the ground. It is capable of climbing a 12 inch high curb and may be used while driving any standard-sized two door sedan.

280/36 B Ingemansson................... 297/330 X [451 May 13, 1975 297/DIG. 4

Jan.

United States Patent 11 1 1111 Anderson UNIVERSAL WHEELCHAIR FOR THE 3,191,990 6/1965 Rugg et a1.....

3,379,450 4/1968 Jones et al. SEVERELY DISABLED 3,495,869 2/1970 [75] Inventor: David M. Anderson, Oakland, Calif. 3] A G f h U d S FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 7 ssignee: overnment 0 l e nite tates, 2 19 Washington, Q 1,284,564 I 68 Germany [22] Filed: Nov. 16, 1972 T B PFJBUCATION Wanted A Staircllmbmg Wheelchair, US. Dept. [21] Appl- 307,202 of Commerce, Natl Inventors Council,

Freeman Design. [52] US. 180/8 A; 180/DIG. 3; 280/5.3;

280/36 B; 280/DIG. 10; 280/242 WC; Primary ExaminerDavid Schonberg 4 297/345; 297/[)[G 4 Assistant Examiner-Michael J. Forman [51] Int. B62d 63/02 Attorney, g or FirmBr0wdy n rk [58] Field of Search... 280/36 B, 5.3, 5.32, DIG. 10,

280/242 WC; 180/DIG. 3, 8 A; 297/DIG 4, [57] ABSTRACT 353 A universal, adjustable-height powered wheelchair is disclosed for the severly disabled, such as quadri- [56] References cued plegic, driver. The wheelchair has a powered elevating UNITED STATES PATENTS mechanism capable of raising the seat and occupant from a height of 6 inches to 26 inches above the 297/353 X 297/DIG. 4 X ground. It is capable of climbing a 12 inch high curb 2970316 4 X and may be used while driving any standard-sized two so/DIG 3 door sedan. 297/DIG 4 X 297/DIG. 4 X 36 Claims, 19 Drawing Figures mmm n U am" mee m.. 6

FATENTED RAY I 3 I975 SEEN 1 OF 7 PATENTED MAY 1 31975 SHEET QQF 7 PATENTEDHAY 1 sums 3 882 9 49 sum 6 OF 7 HGIZ UNIVERSAL WHEELCHAIR FOR THE SEVERELY DISABLED FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the period since World War II, medical science has made great progress in the areas of sustaining and rehabilitating severely handicapped persons. As a result, many quadriplegics, for example, are alive, relatively healthy and well-adjusted, leading useful lives with a near normal life expectancy. It is a paradox of our times, however, that many of the disabling conditions of the physically handicapped are not necessarily inherent in the conditions themselves, but are consequences of the lack of help they need over and above the norm. Despite the image of helplessness, the only real handicap of the severely disabled is mobility.

It appears that the group of disabled persons most in need of aid to achieve mobility are those afflicted by the worst form of paralysis: the loss of control and sensation of the legs, torso, and part of the arms. There are many diseases and accidents that cause this condition, the most common of which is quadriplegia (lesion of the spinal cord in the region of the cervical vertebrae). Manual wheelchair operation and wheelchair to auto transfer is possible by normal weight young low-level (trauma at sixth or seventh cervical vertebrae) quadriplegics, although with some difficulty. High level (trauma at fourth or fifth cervical vertebrae) quadriplegics have required a powered wheelchair and other human or mechanical assistance in transferring to automobile, bed or commode. Most quadriplegics can drive an automobile equipped with hand controls, power steering and brakes and automatic transmission.

Quadriplegics with trauma higher than the fourth cervical vertebrae either do not live long or, lacking autonomic breathing, require mechanical breathing assist apparatus. Also these very high level traums quadriplegics have even less arm and shoulder function and their auto and wheelchair controls must by much more automated.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Until the present invention the mobility of the physically disabled was almost exclusively limited to the use of the conventional folding wheelchair. Manual propulsion (using the hands to pull on the wheel rim to make it turn) is feasible only for paraplegics or the equivalent, who have normal upper extremities. Although quadriplegics may be able to propel themselves for short distances, this is tiring and runs the risk of developing sores on the hands (since the hands do not have full sensation in quadriplegics).

The quadriplegics need a powered drive system which, in the prior art, has been provided by merely bolting a motor/battery unit onto the back ofa folding wheelchair. Of course the wheelchair is then no longer able to fold, and this represents the key obstacle to quadriplegic driving. Some quadriplegics can manage to pull themselves from a wheelchair to car seat using a sliding board which bridges the gap between the wheelchair and car seat. However, even if the quadriplegic could accomplish this strenuous feat, he would need an attendant to disassemble the wheelchair and then store the folded wheelchair and battery in the trunk. Thus, when using the present powered folding wheelchairs, quadriplegics are precluded'from driving automobiles unassisted, although it is possible to modify a step-van so that a wheelchair can enter on an elevating tailgate lift and then roll over a specifically modified flat floor to the driving position.

Since quadriplegics are capable of driving (with hand controls, automatic transmission, power steering, and power brakes), their main problem is that of automobile entry. This problem is generally ignored in prior art wheelchairs.

Many other deficiencies exist with regard to prior art wheelchairs. With respect to the activities of daily living, a standard powered wheelchair is only barely adequate around the house, office or on the sidewalk. The standard wheelchair does not accommodate itself very well to the transfer processes, e.g., from chair to bed or commode, and into and out of an automobile; it is not capable of negotiating an ordinary curb without a ramp or driveway. It can furnish no change in sitting position (important in the prevention of decubitus ulcers). It is compatible with only one table or desk height. The standard seat height precludes the user from reaching high shelves and make it awkward for the user to converse with standing non-disabled persons. The position of the footrests made it difficult to approach a kitchen counter or bookcase, both of which lack leg cut outs. Also, the head height of the occupant of a standard wheelchair is much too great for entry into a standard automobile while seated in the wheelchair.

When a battery is added to a folding wheelchair, it must be placed behind the rear axle, because the folding mechanism precludes mounting anywhere else. This placement shifts the center of gravity so far to the rear that quadriplegics run the risk of tipping over backwards on uphill slopes, especially while accelerating uphill. 1

Finally, overall dimensions preclude the use of a conventional wheelchair in many houses not specifically designed for the handicapped, unless a second normal person (attendant) is available to carry the quadriplegic through narrow doors or procure articles out of his reach. As the quadriplegic s weight, age, and/or loss of motor functions increases, transferring becomes even more difficult.

A variation of the folding wheelchair is the manuallyreclining wheelchair, which is based on a folding wheelchair undercarriage. The back rest is attached in such a way that it can be unlocked by an attendant, repositioned, and then locked back in place. Usually this feature is used for quadriplegics with poor trunk muscles who need to be somewhat reclined all the time for stability. If the quadriplegic wants to recline, he must have assistance from an attendant.

There is a less common type of wheelchair that deserves mention here: the one-man golf-cart type wheelchair. These are distinguished from the folding wheelchairs and from the present invention in that they steer through a direct, mechanical linkage, similar to that of an automobile. The principal disadvantage of this systerm is the inherent large turning radius which is typically 40 inches (80 inches wall to wall). Thus the golfcart type wheelchair is usually limited to use as an outdoor wheelchair. Also the manual tiller steering demands more range of motion and arm force than the purely electronic switch controls of the caster type wheelchairs. However, as an outdoor wheelchair, the golf-cart type wheelchair has some definite advantages. Since it is not based on the lightweight folding wheelchair principle, it can use more rugged components like heavy duty wheels, bearings and motors. Since it is designed to be a powered vehicle, it usually has space set aside for two or more batteries; this results in a greater range. The seat is supported by a solid frame; this provides better support for a cushion than the suspended fabric of a'folding wheelchair, which was designed for use without a cushion. Finally, it has a low center of gravity, which makes it more stable on hills and under accelertion. This feature fits in well with its higher speed and greater hill climbing ability.

The golf-cart type wheelchair is usually streamlined with a fiberglass body which may appear attractive to some people. However, quadriplegics accustomed to tubular frame wheelchairs may feel that the streamlined body makes them look more conspicuous.

The advantages and disadvantages of these two types of wheelchairs serve as an excellent departure point point for formulating the specific constraints for a universal wheelchair. In order for the wheelchair to be competitive with these two wheelchair types, it must incorporate the best features of both classes with the addition of some very important new features to correct their deficiencies.

A comprehensive review of this problem and all previous work in the same area has already been published in the open literature by Bray et al Vehicles for the Severely Disabled," Rehabilitation Literature, Vol 28, No. 4, 1967, pp. 98-109. There have been several vantype solutions to the wheelchair-bound driver problem where a standard wheelchair enters via a ramp or tailgate lift and is wheeled over and locked down in driving position. This has also been accomplished by a 5 foot tall woman using an undersized wheelchair in a Checker Auto.

A full-sized adult in a standard non-adjustable wheelchair simply will not fit in any commercially-available sedan, even if it has a rear engine or front wheel drive (no drive shaft tunnel). The head clearance is simply not great enough. A Swedish scheme included an adjustable-height wheelchair which could be lowered and placed in a sedan by an attendant using a ramp. A postpolio in California drove a 1954 sedan from a standard wheelchair substituted for the right front seat. It was necessray, in addition to special right-side hand controls, to completely alter the auto frame and floor to achieve head clearance and a ramp entrance; auto ground clearance was only three inches.

Other quadriplegic driver solutions involve dismembering the wheelchair and/or some assistance by an attendant to place the handicapped person or wheelchair in the auto.

A retractable-frame wheelchair has been devoloped by Professor Muhlemann in Switzerland that fits in many small European automobiles and enables driving from the wheelchair. Muhlemann, Rollstuhl Fabresito, Motor-Rundschau, No. 17, 1968, p. 698. This wheelchair is not powered and involves manually removing the drive wheels and retracting the frame during loading. Thus, it is primarily a paraplegic solution and would not be useful for quadriplegics.

One significant wheelchair has been designed since the 1966 Bray report: the self reclining Rugg wheelchair, named after its inventor Donald Rugg. Stantor, The Rugg Chair, Tooney J. Gazette, 1969; 82. This powered wheelchair incorporates a mechanism that will recline the back rest under power while at the same time raising the foot rests to form a flat bed-like surface. The motivation for building the wheelchair was to re-distribute the users body weight over long periods of sitting. Although the wheelchair does not have an adjustable seat height, the user reclines the back seat slightly in order to lower his overall height for entry into an Econoline Ford Van.

The research done in the past has been mostly concerned with driving while seated in a conventional wheelchair. Until the present invention, no one has attempted a comprehensive design of a wheelchair that considers the special needs of quadriplegia and incorporates automatic loading into an automobile.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present wheelchair was designed for all of the daytime activities of an almost completely paralyzed person. Said paralysis could include legs, trunk and most of the arms such as in the case for a C5 to C7 traumatic quadriplegic or the equivalent. These daytime activitiesare inclusive of curb climbing and driving an automobile while seated in the wheelchair. Basically, the powered wheelchair of the present invention is designed for the use of any person who cannot operate a standard manual wheelchair and who cannot easily transfer from wheelchair to automobile.

The most unique feature of the wheelchair is its powered elevating mechanism which raises the seat and occupant from a height of 5 8 inches to about 24 27 inches above the ground keeping it level at all times. In the low position, the occupant can operate a standard two door American sedan with the front seat removed. An intermediate position can be used for most daily activities. At the highest position the foot rests retract and the chair allows reaching high shelves, etc. or conversing at eye level with a standing person. A single elevating actuator, in addition to seat raising, also provides for powered seat back reclining or tipping back of the whole chair. Also by engaging a simple stop lever on each side of the seat and running the actuator, the wheelchair will climb curbs up to 12 inches high while keeping the seat substantially level. Four wheel brakes, swing-away armrests and freedom from any protuberances above seat or legrest surfaces make transfer of the occupant in and out as unencumbered as possible. Two DC motors, one on each 16 inch rear wheel, will enable wheelchair and occupant to travel on the level for several miles at 7 miles per hour or to climb a 10 percent grade at low speed; a gear changer providing the extra torque for hill climbing. Being somewhat shorter and no wider than existing standard manual wheelchairs, the wheelchair of the present invention can maneuver or turn around in the small space of 19 inches. The wheelchair can be collapsed in a simple way for shipment or auto trunk transport.

The wheelchair of the present invention results in independent mobility in order to provide the disabled with an independent life. This is important not only in saving the cost of attendant care but also to overcomefeelingsof helplessness and despair.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to eliminate the deficiencies of prior art wheelchairs. It is another object of the present invention to combine all of the desirable features of prior art inventions It is still another object of the present invention to' provide a wheelchair which provides greater comfort,

range and stability than prior art wheelchairs.

provide a wheelchair having no obstacles or protuberances to inhibit transferring into or out of the wheelchair. I

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a wheelchair of proper size to be operable inside buildings in addition to being able to fit with occupant inside a car.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a powered wheelchair with a greatrange of travel and which is stable under all conditions of road slope and acceleration.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a wheelchair which is compatible with all size and weight persons and with allowance for padding.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a wheelchair compatible with a mechanism to load the wheelchair and occupant into a standard sized two door sedan.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a wheelchair which has the capability of climbing curbs up to twelve inches high.

It is yet another object of the present invention to help the physically handicapped overcome horizontal obstacles such as narrow doorways, curbs, steep hills and very large distances.

It is still another object of the present invention to help the physically handicapped to overcome vertical obstacles such as those features of a standing world that exclude the seated.

I These and other objects will become more clear upon a consideration of the following description of a preferred embodiment and the drawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the wheelchair in accordance with the present invention at normal height.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the wheelchair with occupant in its raised position.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the wheelchair with occupant in its lowered position.

FIG. 4 is a side elevation showing details of the linkage used in the wheelchair of the present invention when at normal height.

FIG. 5 is a side elevation showing details of the linkage when in the highest position.

FIG. 6 is a side elevation of the wheelchair in a fully reclined position and showing the actuator mechanism at a normal position in phantom.

FIG. 8 is a detailed view of the battery support means.

FIG. 9 is a rear elevation of the wheelchair at the lowered position. 1

FIG. 10 is a detailed rear elevation of a portion of the wheelchair in the raised and narrowed position.

FIG. 11 is a detailed perspective view of the narrowing mechanism.

FIG. 12 is a front elevation of the wheelchair at normal width.

FIG. 13 is detailed front end elevation of a portion of the wheelchair in the heavyweight mode.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an automobile lift which may be used with the wheelchair of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a side elevation of the wheelchair of the present invention in the curb climbing mode in the first step of climbing-a twelve inch curb.

FIG. 16 is a side elevation of the present wheelchair showing a further step in the process of climbing a twelve inch curb. I

FIG. 17 is a side elevation of the present wheelchair showing a still further step in the process of climbing a twelve inch curb.

FIG. 18 is a side elevation of the present wheelchair upon completion of the curb climbing function.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a detail of the present wheelchair showing the connection of the stop lever for use in the curb climbing mode.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The wheelchair in accordance with the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 1 at its normal height. The chair includes drive wheels 12, caster wheels 10, a seat 16, foot rest 14, head rest 44 and back rest 46. The seat and the occupant may be raised to the position shown in FIG. 2 or lowered to the position shown in FIG. 3. When in the position shown in FIG. 2, the foot rest 14 is pulled in below the knee so that the occupant O may pull up close to a vertical object such as a counter C.

In the lowered position as shown in FIG. 3, the wheelchair is in a very stable configuration for long or high speed local travel and the chair and occupant may be placed into a standard sized two door sedan with the front seat removed.

The linkage of the present wheelchair is specifically designed to provide one degree of freedom such that seat height, leg rest position, battery frame position, narrowing, reclining and curb climbing are all responsive to the lengthening and shortening of actuator 42.

It is further designed to offer no obstruction to body motion in and out of the wheelchair and to have its relative center of rotation (pivot) right at the human knee joint. This linkage will now be discussed in more detail.

FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 show the linkage of the present wheelchair in the normal, raised and lowered positions, respectively. The seat frame 18 is supported by front support link and rear leg 24 which are connected thereto at front support link bearings 84 and rear leg bearing 86. A connecting plate 72 connects rod ends and 82 which may be fixedly connected together by bar 71 as is shown in FIG. 8. I

The subframe 32 is pivotally connected to leg rest 28 at subframe bearing 34. Lateral leg link 30 connects the leg rest 28, at leg link bearing 29, withfront support 7 link 70, at bearing 31. A front leg link 26" fixedly extends from front support link 70.

Side frame 54 provides a fixed reference as it is connected to all four wheel axles. The fixed frame includes side frame 54', wheel frame 64, fender 52 and axle support53.

To raise the front of subframe 32 with respect to the ground as the seat 16 rises, in order for footrest 14 to avoid hitting the ground, a roller'or cam follower 22 is attached to front leg 26 and rolls on the front or cam portion 20 of side frame 54. The cam 20 has two slopes, a near horizontalslope 19 near its front end and in inclined slope 21 of about 20justto the rear of the horizontal slope (see FIG. Another advantage of the roller/cam arrangement is that it allows for the addition of a curb climbing feature to the wheelchair which will be discussed hereinbelow. The curb climbing concept requires that the cam follower 22 be able to separate from the cam 20.

One of two batteries 48 and 48' may be used to run the wheelchair. Standard automobile lead-acid batteries are preferably used because of their initial low cost, rechargeabiltiy and availability of replacement. The batteries are supported beneath the seat and themselves are raised and lowered along with the raising and lowering of the seat since they are connected to the wheelchair linkage. FIG. 8 shows a detailed view of the battery linkage.

Battery support frame 50 comprises L-shaped element 35 supporting the front of battery 48' (as seen in FIG. 1) and side elements 36, 37 and 38 on both sides of the batteries 48 and 48'. The top ends of elements 37 are connected by a battery frame rod 89 which can frame elements 38.

The battery frame 50 is connected to the wheelchair by means of front battery support link 78, rear battery support links 76 and rod ends 88 connected to subframe 32. Front battery support link 78 is pivotally connected to tubes 39 in the center of frame elements 35, by bearing 79 and to leg rest 28 by bearing 77. Rear battery support link 76 is pivotally connected to frame 50 at the intersection of elements 36 and 38 by bearing 73. One link 76 is placed at each side of battery 48 as can be seen in FIG. 9. Links 76 are pivotally connected to transverse axis 66 by bearing 75 and tabs 116 connected to central tube support 102. Rod ends 88 attached to subframe 32 are pivotally connected to each end rod 89 by by means of a bearing 87.

This linkage causes the batteries to fit under the knees of the occupant when the seat is in the low position so that there is only seven inches between the seat and the floor. This is very important with respect to driving a passenger car while seated in the wheelchair. For very tall quadriplegic patients who want to drive a passenger car, the seat may be lowered even more to obtain extra head room by removing the forward battery 48 and moving the rear battery 48 to fit beneath the knees. This allows the seat to come to rest two inches lower.

When in the low position as seen in FIG. 3, the wheelchair is still operable and the casters will swivel completely. Raising the seat another couple of inches will raise the battery high enough for adequate ground clearance in order to provide a very stable configuration for high speed wheelchair travel on hard surfaces and virtually eliminates the possibility of tipping over sideways or backwards while accelerating, turning, or negotiating hilly paths.

Thevariable height function of the present wheelchair is extremely significant since the user of this device has limited arm function and it is very important that he be able to position the height of his body at the work area. The method now used by quadriplegics is to modify the height of desks to fit a fixed height wheelchair. The present universal wheelchair can be raised under power to any seat height and locked inplace when the power is turned off. I

It can be seen from FIG. 1 that there are no obstructions to transferring into and out of the wheelchair. All guiding and supporting linkages are below the body. If possible, it is desirable for the quadriplegic to perform this transferring using his own muscles, however limited, in order to decrease his dependence on attendants or mechanical devices. The fender 52 is part of the frame which includes side frame 54, wheel frame .64 and axle support 53. Accordingly, fender 52 can carry the full weight of the wheel user. Quadriplegics can transfer across a level surface by lifting up their bodies with their arms. The present wheelchair makes this motion possible by virtue of the load carrying fender 52 which is approximately the same height above the floor as a commode, bathtub, or bed (almost all transfers are to one of these three). The seat 16 can be set at the fender height 52 or it can be set slightly above or below to take advantage of gravity.

Another departure from conventional wheelchair design is apparent from FIG. 1. The foot rest 14 is supported by a single central support 28. This has the advantage of improving maneuverability by eliminating members normally found at the front corners of the wheelchair.

FIG. 2 shows the highest seat height position. It can be seen that the wheelchair occupant O is almost as high as a normal standing person. This feature provides an important psychological advantage in that the wheelchair user will not be forced to look up at the non-handicapped world. As discussed hereinabove, in the high position the feet are directly below the knees and do not protrude beyond the wheelchair frame. This feature greatly improves maneuverability. The overall length (including feet) is 32 inches as compared to 46 inches for the conventional wheelchair. Similarly, the plan diagonal is 39 inches compared to a standard 49 inches. This means that the universal wheelchair can I turn around in a 39 inch wide hallway which is fairly standard. Also, with the feet tucked in below the knees, the quadriplegic can frontally approach laboratory tables and kitchen counters as designated by C in FIG. 2 which were designed for use by standing persons with no leg cut-outs. With the present wheelchair, the quadriplegic is able to use-both hands on a countertop istead of approaching sideways with only one hand available. Since quadriplegics generally do not have a good hand grasp, they depend on pushing one arm against the other for grasping objects. The wheelchair in this position also protects the users feet and legs from collisions with walls which can result through careless manipulation of the controls. The raised position of the wheelchair gives the user access to many phases of life normally denied to the seated handiwill also narrow under power to 23 inches by the narrowing mechanism discussed hereinabove. As can be seen from FIG. 1 1, the ball joint link 60 attaches to side frame 54 by means of ball joint stud 96 which screws into hole 98. FIG. 1 1 shows stud 96 bolted to outermost hole 98. In order to convert to the heavyweight mode, the stud 96 is threaded into the innermost hole 100. Thus, the lateral translation shaft 101 will slide farther out of central frame 102. A comparison of FIGS. 12 and 13 shows the changeover from the normal width (FIG. 12) to the heavyweight mode (FIG. 13).

One further change that has to be made, as can be seen in FIGS. 12 and 13, is to invert cam followers 22. Each cam follower contains bearing 104 and 106 which are assymmetrically mounted. Thus, unbolting the two cam followers 22 and flipping them over moves them out one inch on each side. Thus, the cam followers are still firmly centered on cam 20 in either mode.

The heavyweight mode may be used routinely in hospitals and rehabilitation centers where all doors are wide enough for the two inch width increase. The advantage would be to add seat room for extra padding, braces, or other medical equipment. Quadriplegics that are fitted with casts (for fractures) would benefit from the extra room.

The actuator unit 42 powered by motor 56 is known in the prior art and may utilize a recirculating ball screw and nut to efficiently convert the gear motors rotary output into linear thrust. Such an actuator is manufactured as Power Pak by the Saginaw Steering Gear Division of General Motors, Inc. The screw preferably has a No-Bak device to prevent reverse driving; thus, the linkage locks whenever the power is turned off. Also the actuator unit has an overrunning clutch to provide protection from overload and limit motion at the end of the stroke. The ratchet type clutch also provides audio feedback to the user indicating that he has reached the end of the stroke. In addition, the overrunning clutch eliminates the need for limit switches (at the end of each stroke) and the accompanying wiring and relaying they require. In the preferred, a 22 inch stoke is necessary. It should be clear that any other mechanical, electromechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic mode of operation for the actuator can be used without departing from the concept of the present invention.

Another asset of the present wheelchair is its capability of easy folding without the use of tools. This facilitates lower shipping costs from the factory and is important on those occasions that require folding of the wheelchair as for instance if a quadriplegic is transported by automobile without the aid of a loading mechanism. He would then be lifted into the car while the wheelchair is folded and placed in the trunk or in back of a station wagon or truck. Although this loading procedure is awkward, it may be adopted when automobile travel is infrequent and attendants are strong.

A quick release pin 109 (see FIG. 5) is released from the lower actuator bearing 108 (FIGS. 9 and 10) which is pivotally attached to central frame 102 by means of tabs 68 fixedly attached thereto, and two quick release pins are removed from bearings 77 and 34 on the leg rest assembly. The leg rest 28 and back rest 46 are then free to converge. The leg rest 28 fits between the fabric back rest 46 and the actuator 42. Continuing this motion results in the fully folded position as shown in FIG. 7. The overall size of the folded envelope is 25 inches by 33 inches by 19 inches. It is important to note that the wheelchair can still be operated under power in this position so that it can be easily moved by someone walking alongside.

The wheelchair is designed to be compatible with a fully powered automobile loading mechanism that will automatically place the quadriplegic and his wheelchair into either the driver or passenger side of a passenger car. Such a lift mechanism is shown in FIG. 14. The wheelchair W will back up to the car 112 as shown and the fork structure 114 will attach to the seat frame 18. The user will then shorten the actuator 42 which will raise the wheels and frame. It should be noted that although the name lift is given to the mechanism, this is realy a misnomer since the wheelchair itself does all the vertical lifting. After the entire wheelchair is above the door sell height, the lift mechanism will guide and completely support the wheelchair until it is in either the driver or passenger position. It-should be noted that the wheelchair loads on the curb side of the car 112 which is much safer than having to load on the street side.

The importance of automobile driving and riding to the handicapped person cannot be over-emphasized. It affords him a personal freedom that is highly satisfying, and it provides a means to get to work. This is usually a major problem for quadriplegics, who are generally able to drive with hand controls but are restricted to driving vans because of the large size of conventional wheelchairs. Quadriplegics as a rule, cannot transfer themselves from wheelchair to automobile seat, as paraplegics can.

For optimal maneuverability, the mode of power of the present wheelchair is applied independently to each rear wheel 12 with the front two wheels 10 free to swivel on casters. The drive motors 40 and the drive system are the same as are now used on virtually all powered wheelchairs and may be Rae brand units. The motor shafts may be fitted with 1 inch diameter steel pinion gears 74 (see FIGS. 9 and 10) which are in contact with the side wall of the pneumatic tire 12. Preferably, however, a metal motor pinion gear is used meshing with a plastic bevel gear mounted on the rear rim (not shown). Positive engagement of the gear sets will prevent slippage as is the case with the friction drive. The wear properties of a self-lubricating plastic gear are much better than that of a metal pinion on soft rubber.

For ease of rolling plus large contact area for traction and lower loading pressures on the ground, a large drive wheel is important. The preferable size for such a drive wheel is 16 inches diameter in order to avoid elbow interference in the automobile driving mode. The two drive motors 40 are controlled by an infinitely variable solid state proportional control lever (not shown) which are well known in the art of powered wheelchairs. The control is placed in any desired location on the wheelchair for easy accessibility. It is preferably attached to arm rests which are not shown in the drawings.

The chair may be equipped with arm rests (not shown) connected to back rest 46 or actuator-seat link 90. It is important that the arm rests be capable of moving out of position so that no impediments to transferring are included. The arm rests may fold upward out of the way or swing outwards and slide behind back rest 48. Means for accomplishing this function would be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

capped. Examples where standing height is a valuable asset are telephone booths, bookcases, bulletin boards, lecture podiums, blackboards, file cabinets, light switches, elevator controls, door locks, etc. Another advantage in a high seated height is improved visibility at lecture halls and theaters where wheelchair users are usually relegated to the rear, for lack of open floor space. Note that all four wheels 12 and are at the extreme corners of the wheelchair envelope" for maximum stability.

FIG. 6 shows the wheelchair in the reclined position. Reclining is a desirable feature from the standpoint of altering the pressure distribution of skin tissue on which the body weight rests. Some quadriplegics can do this by lifting themselves up with their hands and shifting their positions. However, those with limited strength or sensitive skin can easily alter their pressure distribution by reclining periodically. In addition, the ability to recline to any back angle provides a welcome change from upright sitting for relaxing, watching television, reading, riding in an automobile, etc. The reclining capability of the present wheelchair is powered by the actuator 42 and the back rest 46 can be locked in any angle of reclining. This is made possible by attaching the actuator-seat link 90 at a position between the seat frame 18 and the top of the back rest 46. This connecting pointis seat pivot 93. Since the back rest 46 is only upright in those positions where the actuator 42 is raising the seat or holding it in a raised position, it may be seen that in the lowered position when the seat is stopped by the frame, a continued shortening of the actuator 42 will cause a reclining of back rest 46. Seat pivot 93 contains a stop thereon for setting the normal angle of back rest 46. This stop will come into play when the actuator is lengthening from the reclined position and the back rest 46 is being raised to the normal position. Once the stop on pivot 93 is reached, the actuator will cause the seat 16 to be raised. By adjusting this stop, the upright angle of the back rest can be set to suit each individual. Generally, the higher the level of spinal cord lesion, the more reclined the user will want to be for daily activities. This feature alone makes the wheelchair available for very high (C-4) quadriplegics who have no trunk muscles and thus must be slightly reclined at all times for stability. It should be noted that the back and head rest unit 46 and 44 can slide on slides 92 attached to the actuator-seat link 90. Accordingly, the back rest 46 and head rest 44 slide toward the seat upon reclining. This ensures that the back rest pivots effectively at the hips, even though no pivot is physically located there. Therefore, the position of the person on the seat is not shifted, nor is the clothing bunched up by the operation.

Because of the forward position of the two batteries 48 and 48 the wheelchair is stable in the reclined position and can even be driven under suspended obstacles such as chains across roadways. Many entrances to public land now feature chains to keep cars out and turnstiles to keep motorcycles out; such an arrangement ironically exludes wheelchair users that cannot bend under the chain. Almost all supermarkets have installed turnstiles at all entrances which would also block regular wheelchairs. However, in the reclined position, the present wheelchair could fit under the horizontal pipe that is designed to exclude people but still admit shopping carts.

The present wheelchair also has the capability to narrow its overall width. Commercially available wheelchairs normally have an overall width of about 25 inches which prevent the user from entering bathrooms with the minimum dimension of 22 inches.

FIG. 9 shows a rear view of the wheelchair in the low position. It should be noted that the seat 16 of the wheelchair is between the wheels 12. With a standard width seat, the wheelchair cannot be any narrower than 25 inches in this position. A 25 inch width does have an advantage over narrower widths with respect to stability at high speeds or on steep side slopes.

The present wheelchair, however, has the capability to automatically narrow to a-width of 21 inches when the seat is raised to its highest position. The narrowing function is fully powered and is automatically coupled to the seat raising function so that it is driven by the actuator 42. It can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 4 and 5 that the cam roller 22 rides along the angled portion 21 of cam 20 as the seat is being raised to its highest position. Accordingly, this portion of the cam 20 is angled outward so that as the side frame 54 narrows, the cam follower 22 remains securely centered over the cam 20 as can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 12 and 13. Portion 21 of the cam 20 is also angled upward to provide proper guidance for the seat motion as discussed hereinabove. The cam follower 22 rides on portion 21 of the cam 20 at the seat height range of 23 inches to. 27 inches from the floor.

In order to control the narrowing of the chair so that it occurs automatically only when the seat has reached a certain height above the floor a control link 58 is added. As can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, control link 58 is connected to front leg 26 by means of front leg extension tabs 61 which are fixedly attached to front leg 26 and pivotally attached to control link 58 at front control link bearing 57. As can be seen more clearly from FIG. 11, the control link 58 is attached to side frame 54 by means of a bell crank 62 and ball joint link 60. The control link 58 is pivotally attached to bell crank 62 at pivot 59. The bell crank 62 is also pivotally attached to subframe 32 at pivot point 94. The crank 62 is pivotally attached to ball joint link 60 at pivot point 96. In operation, as can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 4 and 5, when the seat is raised, the cam follower 22 passes rearwardly up portion 21 of cam 20 causing control link 58 to move rearwardly and cause a rotation of bell crank 62 about fixed width pivot 94. As can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 9 and 10, this rotation of the bell crank 62 about the fixed width pivot 94 pulls the ball joint link 60 toward the center of the wheelchair and the ball joint link 60 in turn pulls the wheel frame 64 side frame unit which slides along the lateral translation axis 66 causing a narrowing of the wheelchair by two inches on each side. The lateral translation axis 66 consists of a shaft 101 sliding inside a central tube support 102 which supports the seatraising linkage. Shaft 101 preferably slides on polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) bearings within central tube support 102.

In order to fit those who feel uncomfortable in the normal seat width of 18 inches (measured at the hips) and would prefer the increased seat width of 20 inches, the present wheelchair is capable of widening to a heavyweight mode by means of four simple adjustments. Although the overall width increases by two inches (from 25 inches to 27 inches) the 27 inch width The effectiveness of the present wheelchair is also enhanced by the presence of brakes on all four wheels. Standard wheelchairs have only rear brakes that are essentially static brakes. Even if they could be applied dynamically, the weight transfer inherent under braking could unload the rear wheels enough to cause unstable skidding. Accordingly, dynamic braking is applied to the front caster wheels as well as the rear drive wheels 12. As dynamic braking systems and methods of applying them to wheeled vehicles are extremely well known in the art, a specific mode of such a dynamic braking system is not specifically shown in the drawings. It should be noted however that braking does occur when the drive motor 40 is turned off.

FIGS. to 19 are specifically directed toward the curb climbing capability of the wheel chair of the present invention. In order to adapt the basic wheelchair linkage discussed hereinabove to a curb climbing capability, three items need. be added on each side of the wheelchair.

The first item is a stop lever 120 which can be seen more clearly in FIG. 19. The stop lever 120 is attached to side frames 54 at pivot 130. A bracket 128 is permanently attached to lateral leg link 30. The stop lever 120 has a plurality of settings to accommodate for different curb heights. Setting 152 represents the setting of a 3-inch curb, 154 is a 6-inch curb, 156 is a 9-inch curb, and 158 is a l2-inch curb. It should be noted that the 3-inch setting (as shown engaged in FIG. 19) will climb curbs from 0 to '3 inches high. Likewise the 6- inch setting will climb curbs from 3 to 6 inches, etc. Stop lever 120 has a portion 121 extending above 12- inch setting 158 which acts as a handle so that the lever may be engaged or disengaged by the occupant of the wheelchair. For operation in the heavyweight mode a spacer (not shown) may be added to the pivot bolt 130.

A second mechanism which must be added are backup wheels 138. Back-up wheel 138 is attached to seat frame 18 by means of link 142 which is attached to rod end 140 at bearing 141. Rod end 140 is fixedly attached to seat frame 18. Another link 144 connects back-up wheel 138 with drive wheel hub 55. A pivot point 148 of link 144 with drive wheel hub 55 is preferably slightly above the wheel axis so that back-up wheel 138 is not permanently in contact with drive wheel 12 but is only engaged when needed. A small transmission wheel 146 is positioned between back-up wheel 138 and drive wheel 12.

The third function necessary for curb climbing are idler wheels or rollers 124. Idler wheel link 122 connects to subframe 32 at the pivot 136. A supporting brace 126 connects the idler wheel link 122 with battery frame element 37 at pivot point 132. Support brace 126 is pivotally connected to idler wheel link 122 at bearing 134. It is preferable that pivot 132 be movable so that idler wheel 124 may move away from the ground when the wheelchair is in normal operations. Accordingly, pivot 132 may be mounted on the swinging arm of a Destaco toggle action clamp mounted on battery brace 37 and actuated either remotely or directly.

The sequence of operation of the curb climbing mode of the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 15 thru 18. First, the stop lever 120 must be engaged. The height of the wheelchair is adjusted so that the appropriate setting 158 of stop lever 120 may engage bracket 128 on lateral leg link range. The narrowing mechanism operates in the upper one-third. Therefore, the wheelchair does not narrow while climbing. The cam follower 22 rolls on the level portion 19 of cam 20 during curb climbing, when engaging the cam 20 at all. It is also importantthat the curb climbing sequence start with the caster wheels 10 pivoted forward so that the wheelchair has the longest wheel base possible. Preferably the caster axes are locked to prevent'rotating during the curb climbing sequence.

After the wheelchair is backed up to curb G the main actuator 42 is shortened which causes the back-up wheels 138 to engage the curb surface and accept the full weight of the rear of the wheelchair (FIG. 16). Drive wheels 12 and the rear of side frame 54 and wheel frame 64 continue to move upward. Front leg 26 and cam follower 22 depart from side frame 54 because of the action of stop lever 120. This also causes lifting of leg rest 28 and a slight tipping back of seat frame 18. At this point the drive wheel 12 actuates the back-up wheel 138 via transmission wheel 146 in order to cause the wheelchair to continue backwards to the position shown in FIG. 17. This action begins as soon as the drive wheels 12 clear the curb surface. The drive motors 40 provide the power for said backwards motion.

When the wheelchair has moved back until caster wheels 10 touch the curb G the function of idler wheels 124 becomes apparent. These idler wheels 124 must support the weight of the wheelchair while caster wheels 10 are brought up onto the curb. At this point the actuator is lengthened to raise the seat and simultaneously level the side frame 54 which causes caster wheels 10 to rise. Once caster wheels 10 clear the surface of the curb the wheelchair is powered backwards on the surface of the curb to the position shown in FIG. 18. The wheelchair is now in the same position as its initial position shown in FIG. 15. It should be noted that if a 6-inch high curb had been negotiated, the seat would have been raised to /2 this height and the stop lever set at a shorter length. Once the chair is able to roll on a level surface the stop lever can be disengaged and the idler wheels 124 lifted out of engagement with the ground and the seat 18 can be reset to any height.

Descending a curb may be accomplished by performing the opposite sequence of climbing a curb described hereinabove. To accommodate narrowing it it is preferable that the links 142 and 144 to the back-up wheels 138 be capable of flexing or be equipped with selfaligning bearings at 141 and/or 148. There is no axle between back-up wheels 138 which are cantilevered on links 144.

Another feature that comes with the curb climbing mechanism is a tilt-back reclining mode. This tilt-back is achieved by going through the curb climbing sequence without the curb. Stop lever 120 will cause the seat to tilt back. Since the batteries 48 and 48' will also tilt back, precautions should be taken to retain the battery fluid with, for example, spill-proof caps. The backup wheels 138 prevent the wheelchair from tipping over.

Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. lt is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

What is claimed is:

l. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising:

four wheels;

a frame connecting said wheels;

raising and'lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position 8 inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground, said raising and lowering means comprising an actuator. connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat;

power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair; and

curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.

2. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 1 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accepting the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.

3. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 1 further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.

4. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said seat from the uppermost position thereof.

5. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled,

comprising:

four wheels;

a frame connecting said wheels;

a seat;

raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground;

a foot rest; and

linkage means connected to said foot rest and said seat for causing said foot rest to extend without contacting ground when said seat is in a lowered position and to retract to a position such that no portion of the occupants foot positioned on said foot rest protrudes farther forward than the knee of the occupant when said seat is in a raised position, said linkage means being responsive only to the height of said seat.

6. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 5 further including-power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.

7. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat, and

power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat, the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator. 8. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 further including: i

a seat back connected to said seat; and tilting means connected thereto for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back. 9. A wheelchair in accordance with clain 6 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accept ing the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.

10. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 wherein said linkage means is located under said seat and said foot rest'whereby in at least the raised position there are no encumbrances to hamper the transfer of the occupant to and from the wheelchair.

11. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6, further including:

a seat back connected to said seat; and

reclining means connected to said seat back for causing the powered reclining of said seat back with respect to said seat when said seat is in the lowermost position thereof.

12. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 4 wherein said reclining means is responsive only to the motion of said raising and lowering means.

13. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 5 wherein said raising and lowered means comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat, and

power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said acutator thereby raising and lowering said seat;

the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.

14. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 13 wherein:

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost position thereof.

15. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 13 wherein;

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost postion thereof.

16. A wheelchair in accordance with ther including:

a seat back connected to said seat and to said actuator; and

reclining means connected to said back for causing the reclining of said seat back when said power claim 13, fur- 17 means shortens said actuator beyond said lower position.

17. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 16, further including: '1

curb climbing means Connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.

18. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled comprising:

four wheels; 1

a frame connecting said wheels;

a seat;

raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground;

a seat back connected to said seat; and

reclining means connected to said seat back for causing the powered reclining of said seat back with respect to said seat when said seat is in the lowermost position thereof.

19. A wheelchair in accordance'with claim 18 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.

20. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19, further including a back rest slidably mounted on said seat back whereby said back rest slides down said seat back upon reclining to avoid sliding between the seat back and the back of the occupant of the wheelchair.

21. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accepting the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.

22. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 further including:

tilting means connected to said seat back for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back.

23. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat;

the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.

24. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said reclining means is responsive only to the motion of said raising and lowering means.

25. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 24 wherein said raising and lowering means-comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat back;

and

power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat and for causing the reclining of said seat back when the shortening of said actuator is continued beyond said lowered position.

26. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises:

I an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.

27. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 26 wherein: i

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat 9 and causes powered widening 'in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost position thereof.

28. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising:

four wheels;

a frame connecting said wheels;

a seat;

raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground;

a seat back connected to said seat; and

tilting means connected thereto for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back.

29. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 28 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.

30. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein:

said tilting means is powered by the motion of said raising and lowering means.

31. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat;

the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.

32. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 31 wherein:

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost positon thereof.

33. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises:

an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat;

the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lenthening and shortening of said actuator.

i 34. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising:

four wheels;

a frame connecting said wheels;

a seat;

raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground, said raising and lowering means comprising an actuator, connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat;-

narrowing means connected to said frame for causing 20 powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator. 35. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 34 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.

36. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 35 wherein:

said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of l the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in saidtop portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost postion thereof. 

1. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising: four wheels; a frame connecting said wheels; a seat; raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position 8 inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground, said raising and lowering means comprising an actuator, connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair; and curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.
 2. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 1 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accepting the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.
 3. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 1 further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.
 4. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 3 wherein: said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said seat from the uppermost position thereof.
 5. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising: four wheels; a frame connecting said wheels; a seat; raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground; a foot rest; and linkage means connected to said foot rest and said seat for causing said foot rest to extend without contacting ground when said seat is in a lowered position and to retract to a position such that no portion of the occupant''s foot positioned on said foot rest protrudes farther forward than the knee of the occupant when said seat is in a raised position, said linkage means being responsive only to the height of said seat.
 6. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 5 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.
 7. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat, the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.
 8. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 further including: a seat back connected to said seat; and tilting means connected thereto for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back.
 9. A wheelchair in accordance with clain 6 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accepting the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.
 10. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6 wherein said linkage means is located under said seat and said foot rest whereby in at least the raised position there are no encumbrances to hamper the transfer of the occupant to and from the wheelchair.
 11. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 6, further including: a seat back connected to said seat; and reclining means connected to said seat back for causing the powered reclining of said seat back with respect to said seat when said seat is in the lowermost position thereof.
 12. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 4 wherein said reclining means is responsive only to the motion of said raising and lowering means.
 13. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 5 wherein said raising and lowered means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said acutator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.
 14. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 13 wherein: said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost position thereof.
 15. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 13 wherein; said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost postion thereof.
 16. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 13, further including: a seat back connected to said seat and to said actuator; and reclining means connected to said back for causing the reclining of said seat back when said power means shortens said actuator beyond said lower position.
 17. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 16, further including: curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.
 18. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled comprising: four wheels; a frame connecting said wheels; a seat; raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground; a seat back connected to said seat; and reclining means connected to said seat back for causing the powered reclining of said seat back with respect to said seat when said seat is in the lowermost position thereof.
 19. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 18 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.
 20. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19, further including a back rest slidably mounted on said seat back whereby said back rest slides down said seat back upon reclining to avoid sliding between the seat back and the back of the occupant of the wheelchair.
 21. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 further including heavyweight means on said frame for accepting the manual adjustment of the width of the wheelchair.
 22. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 further including: tilting means connected to said seat back for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back.
 23. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lengthening and shortening of said actuator.
 24. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said reclining means is responsive only to the motion of said raising and lowering means.
 25. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 24 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat back; and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat and for causing the reclining of said seat back when the shortening of said actuator is continued beyond said lowered position.
 26. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 19 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.
 27. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 26 wherein: said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost position thereof.
 28. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising: four wheels; a frame connecting said wheels; a seat; raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground; a seat back connected to said seat; and tilting mEans connected thereto for causing the powered tilting of said seat without a concomitant total reclining of said seat back.
 29. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 28 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.
 30. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein: said tilting means is powered by the motion of said raising and lowering means.
 31. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including narrowing means connected to said frame for causing the powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.
 32. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 31 wherein: said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost positon thereof.
 33. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 29 wherein said raising and lowering means comprises: an actuator connecting said frame and said seat and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; the wheelchair further including curb climbing means connected thereto for causing the powered climbing of the wheelchair onto and off of curbs while keeping said seat substantially level, said curb climbing means being powered by the lenthening and shortening of said actuator.
 34. A universal wheelchair for the severely disabled, comprising: four wheels; a frame connecting said wheels; a seat; raising and lowering means connected to said frame and said seat for causing the height of said seat to be continuously adjusted between a lowered position eight inches above ground and a raised position about 24 inches above ground, said raising and lowering means comprising an actuator, connecting said frame and said seat, and power means connected to said actuator for lengthening and shortening said actuator thereby raising and lowering said seat; narrowing means connected to said frame for causing powered narrowing and widening of the width of the wheelchair in response to the motion of said actuator.
 35. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 34 further including power means connected to said frame for propelling the wheelchair.
 36. A wheelchair in accordance with claim 35 wherein: said narrowing means causes powered narrowing of the wheelchair automatically in the top portion of travel of said actuator during the raising of said seat and causes powered widening in said top portion during the lowering of said seat from the uppermost postion thereof. 